Thursday, July 30, 2020

New stuff on MyMIT, and more

New stuff on MyMIT, and more Im back in Boston now after two trips to Washington, DC in the past week and a half. As always, my recent trip meant missing some cool events at MIT, including the Latke versus Hamentashen Debate [editorial comment: wheres the debate? Latkes are clearly superior!] and another Nobel lecture, this time by Wolfgang Ketterle (though I had him for freshman physics, so I got to hear him speak 3x/week). Admitted students, log into your MyMIT portal, where youll find the Class of 2009 guestbook directory (post your picture!), a list of local admitted student meetings (some as early as tomorrow!), and information about Campus Preview Weekend. And even more information is heading your way, as Daniel has announced that financial aid letters will be mailed today to those students who completed their financial aid applications before March 11. If you havent yet completed your financial aid application, do so as soon as possible! Over the weekend, I hope to answer the backlog of questions, talk a bit about the waitlist, and more. Again, congratulations to the Class of 2009!

Friday, May 22, 2020

Ap Government s Government Review Project - 1122 Words

AP Government Review Project Aaron Cope Period 4 Table of Contents Slide 1 – Title Page Slides 3-68 Unit 1: The Constitution a: Slides 4-12 b: Slides 13-20 c: Slides 21-23 d: Slides 24-51 e: Slides 52-57 f: Slides 58-61 g: Slides 62-65 h: Slides 66-68 Slides 69-89 Unit 2: Political Beliefs and Behaviors a: Slides 70-71 b: Slides 72-76 c: Slides 77-80 d: Slides 81-82 e: Slides 83-84 f: Slides 85-87 g: Slides 88-89 UNIT I: The Constitution 1. Historic Events Major Parliament Actions Currency Act of 1764 This act threw out the colonial currency. It also made a court that was meant to prosecute smugglers and the like however it was skewed to serve British interests. The colonists responded with protest. Sugar act This tax on sugars that came from non-British Caribbean sources eventually was lowered but this strained the relationship between the colonies and Britain. Stamp Act of 1765 This tax was on paper products in the colonies. The colonists responded with protests and riots. The American/British Dispute Declaration of Independence - 1776 This document contained the complaints of the colonists to many of the acts of Parliament. They objected to the oppression of Americans by distant British crown. They were taxed unfairly without representation and their trade was regulated for the benefit of England. To preserve the colonists’ rights, America’s independence form Britain was formally announced. American Revolution Britain didn’t respondShow MoreRelatedCareer Objectives For My Progressive Organization1720 Words   |  7 Pagesmy extensive experience gained over the past 25+ years. Leading by example and achieving exceptional results in a variety of roles, including Site Security Supervisor (Inspector Rank), Senior Security Officer, Second-In-Charge Security Operations, APS Administrative - Levels 3, 4 6, Petty Officer, Leading Seaman and Able Seaman. 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In the 2000’s OCR was made available online in the cloud, and today it is used by businesses to quickly upload and search for data. Being that this technology has been inRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Enron Scandal1902 Words   |  8 Pagestwenty-four years in prison however, in July 2013 his sentence was reduced by ten years. Although, Mr. Lay was also found guilty, he died July 5, 2006 at his home in Aspen Co. before being sentenced. This scandal epitomized the excesses of the 1990’s and the management failures of that era. The Secret Sharer On September 11, 2001 Thomas Drake began his first full day of work as a civilian employee at the National Security Administration (N.S.A.) (Mayer, 2011). Mr. Drake is a linguist and aRead MoreThe Population Of Interest Used By Charles Georges County Maryland1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe community used in this project is Prince Georges County Maryland. The population of interest used will include African American Males and Females ages 18 and above. 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Diabetes, obesity and high blood pressure is knownRead MoreCobit Framework21120 Words   |  85 PagesFramework The Framework’s Principles COBIT History and Background High-Level Control Objectives—Summary Table Framework Navigation Overview High-Level Control Objectives Appendix I IT Governance Management Guideline ............61-64 Appendix II COBIT Project Description......................................65 Appendix III COBIT Primary Reference Material...................66-67 Appendix IV Glossary of Terms .......................................................68 4 5-7 8-12 13-17 18-19 20 21-22 23-57 Read MoreAp United States Government And Politics3650 Words   |  15 Pages2015-16 Summer Assignment: AP United States Government and Politics Teacher: Mr. Shpall (MShpall@faculty.ncjhs.org) Mr. Horne (Jeffreyhorne@alumni.usc.edu) Class Website: ncjhs.haikulearning.com Assignment Overview: There are four parts to this assignment. Each part has a specific goal to help you prepare for your AP Government and Politics class in the fall. Assignment #1 will provide you with a plethora of information regarding â€Å"politics† using great anecdotes from Christopher Matthews

Sunday, May 10, 2020

Gorgosaurus Facts and Figures

Name: Gorgosaurus (Greek for fierce lizard); pronounced GORE-go-SORE-usHabitat: Floodplains of North AmericaHistorical Period: Late Cretaceous (75 million years ago)Size and Weight: About 30 feet long and 2-3 tonsDiet: MeatDistinguishing Characteristics: Large size; sharp teeth; stunted arms About Gorgosaurus In many ways, Gorgosaurus was your garden-variety tyrannosaur; not quite as big (or as famous) as Tyrannosaurus Rex, but every bit as dangerous from the point of view of smaller, herbivorous dinosaurs. What really sets Gorgosaurus apart among paleontologists is that this dinosaur has left an unusually large number of well-preserved specimens (from Dinosaur Provincial Park in Alberta, Canada), making it one of the best-represented tyrannosaurs in the fossil record. Gorgosaurus is believed to have occupied the same North American territory as another fairly generic tyrannosaur, Daspletosaurus, and some experts think it might really have been a species of yet another tyrannosaur genus, Albertosaurus. This confusion can be attributed to the fact that Gorgosaurus was discovered about 100 years ago (by the famous paleontologist Lawrence M. Lambe), at a time when much less was known about the evolutionary relationships and characteristics of theropod dinosaurs. One interesting analysis of the growth patterns of Gorgosaurus has concluded that this tyrannosaur had an unusually long juvenile phase, after which it underwent a sudden growth spurt (in the course of two or three years) and achieved its full adult size. This implies that juvenile and full-grown tyrannosaurs inhabited different ecological niches during the late Cretaceous period, and probably subsisted on different prey as well.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Romeo and Juliet Balcony Essay Free Essays

A Tragic Story of Two Lovebirds William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a well-known and phenomenal play of tragedy. The reason for its fame is that not only is it just dreadful, but there is also a romantic element as well. The play is set in Verona, Italy during the Elizabethan Age with two young and innocent lovers, Romeo and Juliet, from different wealthy families, Montague and Capulet. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Balcony Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, these two households share a hostile bond with each other that goes deep in Verona’s history. In one of the acts there is the famous â€Å"balcony scene† which takes place at night with Juliet on her balcony and Romeo down at her father’s orchard. This scene stands out from the rest because this is where Romeo and Juliet exchange their vows of undying love. During the balcony scene, Shakespeare uses personification, metaphor, and simile to help convey Romeo and Juliet’s deep affection for one another. While Juliet confesses her private thoughts alone, Romeo describes her stunning beauty and his feelings of love through personification. As Romeo gazes at her, he describes that her cheeks â€Å"would shame those / stars† (2. 2. 19-20). Her looks give off a special radiance that makes him say her cheeks outshine the eternal light given from the stars. By using stars, her beauty gives him hope, light, and a sense of goodness into his existence. This suggests that her brightness gives a certain direction that leads his life in a positive way. Then, Romeo argues that â€Å"stony limits† will not stop his love because â€Å"what love can do, that dares love attempt† (2. 2. 72. 73). Since Romeo is in his lover’s and foe’s house, he does not mind risking his life for her. His action is what a true lover does because an ordinary stranger or friend never bothers doing it. If his feelings are a physical object, it can be so strong that not even hard stone can prevent it. Shakespeare’s personification help show that Romeo’s love is pure, which implies Juliet is the one for him. Juliet explains through a metaphor and simile that her feelings will not change even though Romeo is from the enemy’s house. She compares his last name, Montague, to a rose and says that â€Å"any other word would smell as sweet† (2. 2. 47). With the fact the Capulets regard Romeo as an enemy, she still loves him no matter the reason because adding an evil household name to Romeo does not change him at all. By using roses, it symbolizes the sweet and passionate love she has toward him. To prove it even further, Juliet declares her emotions are â€Å"as boundless as the sea† (2. 2. 140). This illustrates her love for Romeo is infinite and immeasurable like the sea. In reference to nature, this also represents her adoration is natural, not of greed or lust. By using figurative language, Juliet effectively shows her feelings of love to Romeo. In the renowned play Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare shows the two lover’s devotion through the use of figurative language. On Romeo’s side, he uses personification to praise Juliet’s certain attributes and vividly describe his affection towards her. In Juliet’s perspective, she uses a metaphor and simile to explain her passion for Romeo and how she does not consider him as a rival. Without Shakespeare’s use of figurative language, the audience cannot know how deep and real their innocent love is. In addition, the absence of these literary devices could make the play dull and not as dramatic. How to cite Romeo and Juliet Balcony Essay, Essay examples

Wednesday, April 29, 2020

World War 2 In The Mid-90s Drew A Hard Blow And Left A Serious Essays

World War 2 in the mid-90's drew a hard blow and left a serious and lasting effect to many Asian countries. This however, did not hamper the growth of countries such as China, Japan and Vietnam as their government were taking serious steps to recover economically. Thus, the global market cannot deny a place for these 'Asian Dragons', because these countries are growing at a tremendous pace to the extent of being capable in emerging as global market leaders. China's capitalism and boom was born when their president, Deng Xiaoping permitted the provinces to dismantle their communes and collective farms. This led China to venture into free-market economics, although they were still under the communist political system. When President Deng announced that they needed Western money and expertise, China flung their trade doors wide open and China went on a capitalist drive without ever looking back. By mid 1960's, the Chinese Revolution settled down to the job of ruling China. Its main goal was essentially nationalist: a prosperous modern economy. While there continued to exist substantially economic inequalities, distribution of wealth was probably a bit more equal than in most Western countries. ( Moise 171 ) While there were great variations in income between different villages, and between different jobs in the urban sector, the overall averages showed a clear pattern: the cities were much richer than the countryside. Most capital investments were going into urban industries. The urban workers, using considerable amount of heavy machinery, had a much higher average level of productivity compared to the rural workers. The natural consequences was for the city people to arrange themselves an average income level twice as high as that of the people in the countryside. The most obvious way to attack this poverty problem was to increase production, in all sectors of the economy. Though the easiest way to increase production was to increase capital inputs, China could only afford a limited amount of capital construction. In accordance to this, China went on a construction binge. Whole factories were purchased from abroad while others were built with local resources. By 1978, the frenzy for new projects reached a level that reminded some people of the Great Leap Forward. In an effort to promote agricultural production, the government released many of the restrictions on the'spontaneous capitalist tendencies' of the peasantry. (173) In the late 1980's, the government decided to expand the scope of private marketing. Then the next step was to increase the amount land assigned to the peasants. The peasants were now not responsible to the government for the use they made to the private plots. They simply could grow what the wished, for the sale to the government or to private markets. This led to furious rebuilding and inflow of foreign investments. All this enabled China to remake itself into Asian's hub of finance, trade and culture. By 1984, they were producing more than $1 million worth of rice and a range of side products, including rice wine. Their residential earning was up to about $200 a year. ( Prager 52 ) This meant that they could begin replacing their mud-and-straw hats with solid brick houses. Shanghai today is a vast construction site with more than 20,000 projects, with 27,000 companies building bridges, tunnels, flyovers, ring roads, hotels, villas, golf courses and also public housing. This sparked national growth of about 10% a year.( 53 ) The Chinese now are going home with fat wallets, stocks, bonds and large bank accounts. Banks are reporting that savings have increased sixty-fold and is still growing. This has led China to join the world economic community and has become the globe's third largest economy. China is now ranked 11th in the world in exports of trade goods. (54) Of the coast of China, there was another growing country. Japan recovered tremendously well after the bombing of Hiroshima in World War 2. Under post war conservative governments, Japan made a remarkable economic recovery. American aid of $2 billion gave an initial boost and then the Korean War acted as a further stimulant by creating a demand for military hardware. (Rich 191) By the early 1970's, Japan was the world's third biggest steel producer, one of the biggest ship builders, and ranked very high as a manufacturer of general engineering and chemical goods. Japan's motorcycles were winning import races in Europe, and Japanese cameras, transistor radios, cars, sewing machines, TV sets and optical goods competed successfully in the global market. Japan's economy is second only to the U.S in absolute terms with a G.D.P of $3,385 billion dollars. By 1987, the Japanese were richer than the

Friday, March 20, 2020

Masters Dissertation Brief Overview

Masters Dissertation Brief Overview As compared to other graduate requirements writing a dissertation or thesis does not have any clearly defined limits, which generally means its content and scope are up to you. If you work systematically and really enjoy the topic, the results will be outstanding. What Is a Masters Dissertation A Masters dissertation is traditionally the final project a graduate student must undertake to complete requirements for earning a Masters degree. A formal document to be submitted to one’s professor, advisor or academic instructor, this kind of dissertation requires thorough research and following a rigid set of guidelines established by the academic institution that the student is attending.  As each academic program varies, so will each student’s topic, the research, and the style of Masters Dissertations vary. Since the main purpose of a  graduate school for a student is to become proficient in a given topic or subject, the Masters Dissertation has the student completing original research and projects that, by the time he has earned his Masters degree, will have made him a sort of an expert in the given field. DISSERTATION WRITING Completing one involves the student setting research objectives; it takes finding, organizing and analyzing pertinent primary and secondary data, as well as scholarly, credible literature written on the subject, while devising an appropriate research methodology and drawing on published literature on the field which the student is exploring; and, ultimately, using this information to draw his own conclusions. Writing a Masters Dissertation While a doctoral dissertation (see dissertation) requires a student to conduct research and contribute something new and undiscovered in one’s field, the Masters Dissertation has the Masters degree candidate performing research on a specific subject to demonstrate his in-depth knowledge and understanding of a certain subject. Usually, this subject is not broad, but the product of a concentrated effort with a specific, narrowed focus on an issue, or era, subject, topic or person, etc. The students can best understand the Masters Dissertation as an extensive research paper that is meant to incorporate all they have learned and mastered throughout their experience in the Masters program. It instructs the students to use the research of scholars on a subject to provide their own analysis on and discoveries of a topic, demonstrating to the instructor their vast assortment of intellectual, academic and real-world skills as well as their knowledge in organizing and conducting a thoroughly written and researched academic paper. Generally, to be a success and be accepted by the professor, a paper of this sort needs to have very specific components. Its chapters should consist of an introduction, a literature review, justification of the informative data incorporated into paper for analysis, research methodology, an analysis of the data and, lastly, a conclusive section drawing it all together.  Ultimately, a dissertation of this genre aims to bind together all the aforementioned elements to closely examine the bigger picture at hand; it has one seeking answers and their explanations  while finding comparisons to other notions and arriving at generalizations that could potentially be used to extend a theory. The Masters Dissertation Aims for the Student to: 1. Implement theories, concepts, and notions that one has learned while attending the program 2. Demonstrate one’s independent investigation of topic he/she has decided to study in depth 3. Blend previously understood and accepted theories and suggest alternatives to them 4. Prove the ability to define, design, produce and complete an academically rigorous research project 5. Understand and demonstrate the knowledge of the relationships between the theoretical concepts taught in the Masters-level course and their real-world applications 6. Demonstrate evidence of the critical and holistic knowledge and a thorough understanding of the chosen subject – one in which they are working to exceed 7. Prove he/she possesses the appropriate knowledge and understanding beyond the graduate level and has obtained a level of scope and depth beyond what he/she has been taught in the classroom; the Masters Dissertation should prove a student to be an expert in the given fields. DISSERTATION WRITING SERVICE If you are working on a masters dissertation and need help with it, or if you are just planning to start working on it and dont know how to do it,  we are happy to assist. We have provided academic assistance to hundreds of MA/MSc students and have developed expertise in effective dissertation writing. Our writers are experts in what they do. In addition, we will assign your task to the writers with respective background and experience. This will result in your masters dissertations proper language, formatting, recent literature and zero plagiarism. We guarantee that you will enjoy your customer experience at !

Wednesday, March 4, 2020

Overview of The Seven Years War (1756 - 63)

Overview of The Seven Years War (1756 - 63) In Europe, the Seven Years War was fought between an alliance of France, Russia, Sweden, Austria and Saxony against Prussia, Hanover and Great Britain from 1756 - 63. However, the war had an international element, particularly as Britain and France fought for domination of North America and India. As such, it has been called the first ‘world war’. The theatre in North America is called the ‘French Indian’ war, and in German,y the Seven Years War has been known as the ‘Third Silesian War’. It is notable for the adventures of Frederick the Great, a man whose major early successes and later tenacity were matched by one of the most incredible pieces of luck ever to end a major conflict in history (that bit is on page two). Origins: The Diplomatic Revolution The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, but to many, it was only an armistice, a temporary halt to the war. Austria had lost Silesia to Prussia, and was angry at both Prussia – for taking the wealthy land – and her own allies for not making sure it was returned. She started weighing up her alliances and seeking out alternatives. Russia grew worried about the growing power of Prussia, and wondered about waging a ‘preventative’ war to stop them. Prussia, pleased at having gained Silesia, believed it would take another war to keep it, and hoped to gain more territory during it. In the 1750s, as tensions rose in North America between British and French colonists competing for the same land, Britain acted to try and prevent the ensuing war destabilising Europe by altering its alliances. These actions, and a change of heart by Frederick II of Prussia – known by his many later admirers as ‘the Great’ – triggered what has been called the ‘Diplomatic Revolution’, as the previous system of alliances broke down and a new one replaced it, with Austria, France and Russia allied against Britain, Prussia and Hanover. Europe: Frederick Gets His Retaliation in First In May 1756, Britain and France officially went to war, triggered by French attacks on Minorca; the recent treaties stopped other nations being sucked in to help. But with the new alliances in place, Austria was poised to strike and take Silesia back, and Russia was planning a similar initiative, so Frederick II of Prussia – aware of the plotting – initiated conflict in an attempt to gain an advantage. He wanted to defeat Austria before France and Russia could mobilise; he also wanted to seize more land. Frederick thus attacked Saxony in August 1756 to try and break its alliance with Austria, seize its resources and set up his planned 1757 campaign. He took the capital, accepting their surrender, incorporating their troops and sucking huge funds out of the state. Prussian forces then advanced into Bohemia, but were unable to win the victory that would keep them there and they retreated to Saxony. They advanced back again in early 1757, winning the battle of Prague on May 6, 1757, thanks in no small part to Frederick’s subordinates. However, the Austrian army had retreated into Prague, which Prussia besieged. Luckily for the Austrians, Frederick was defeated on June 18th by a relief force at the Battle of Kolin and forced to retreat out of Bohemia. Europe: Prussia Under Attack Prussia now appeared to be attacked from all sides, as a French force defeated the Hanoverians under an English general – the King of England was also the King of Hanover – occupied Hanover and marched to Prussia, while Russia came in from the East and defeated other Prussians, although they followed this up by retreating and only occupied East Prussia the next January. Austria moved on Silesia and Sweden, new to the Franco-Russo-Austrian alliance, also attacked. For a while Frederick sank into self pity, but responded with a display of arguably brilliant generalship, defeating a Franco-German army at Rossbach on November 5th, and an Austrian one at Leuthenon December 5th; both of which had outnumbered him greatly. Neither victory was enough to force an Austrian (or French) surrender. From now on the French would target a resurgent Hanover, and never fought Frederick again, while he moved quickly, defeating one enemy army and then another before they could effectively team up, using his advantage of shorter, internal lines of movement. Austria soon learnt not to fight Prussia in the large, open areas which favoured Prussia’s superior movement, although this was constantly reduced by casualties. Britain began to harass the French coast to try and draw troops away, while Prussia pushed the Swedes out. Europe: Victories and Defeats The British ignored the surrender of their previous Hanoverian army and returned to the region, intent on keeping France at bay. This new army was commanded by a close ally of Frederick’s (his brother in law) and kept French forces busy in the west and away from both Prussia and the French colonies. They won the battle of Minden in 1759, and made a series of strategic manoeuvres to tie up the enemy armies, although were constrained by having to send reinforcements to Frederick. Frederick attacked Austria, but was outmanoeuvred during a siege and forced to retreat into Silesia. He then fought a draw with the Russians at Zorndorf, but took heavy casualties (a third of his army); he was then beaten by Austria at Hochkirch, losing a third again. By the end of the year he had cleared Prussia and Silesia of enemy armies, but was greatly weakened, unable to pursue anymore grand offensives; Austria was cautiously pleased. By now, all belligerents had spent huge sums. Frederick was bought to battle again at Battle of Kunersdorf in August 1759, but was heavily defeated by an Austro-Russian army. He lost 40% of the troops present, although he managed to keep the remainder of his army in operation. Thanks to Austrian and Russian caution, delays and disagreements, their advantage was not pressed and Frederick avoided being forced to surrender. In 1760 Frederick failed in another siege, but won minor victories against the Austrians, although at Torgau he won because of his subordinates rather than anything he did. France, with some Austrian support, tried to push for peace. By the end of 1761, with enemies wintering on Prussian land, things were going badly for Frederick, whose once highly trained army was now bulked out with hastily gathered recruits, and whose numbers where well below those of the enemy armies. Frederick was increasingly unable to perform the marches and outflankings which had bought him success, and was on the defensive. Had Frederick’s enemies overcome their seeming inability to co-ordinate – thanks to xenophobia, dislike, confusion, class differences and more - Frederick might already have been beaten. In control of only a part of Prussia, Frederick’s efforts looked doomed, despite Austria being in a desperate financial position. Europe: Death as Prussian Saviour Frederick hoped for a miracle, and he got one. The implacably anti-Prussian Tsarina of Russia died, to be succeeded by Tsar Peter III. He was favourable to Prussia and made immediate peace, sending troops to help Frederick. Although Peter was assassinated quickly afterwards – not before trying to invade Denmark – the new Tsar – Peter’s wife, Catherine the Great – kept the peace agreements, although she withdrew Russian troops which had been helping Frederick. This freed Frederick to win more engagements against Austria. Britain took the chance to end their alliance with Prussia – thanks partly to mutual antipathy between Frederick and Britain’s new Prime Minister- declaring war on Spain and attacking their Empire instead. Spain invaded Portugal, but were halted with British aid. The Global War Although British troops did fight on the continent, slowly increasing in numbers, the Britain had preferred to send financial support to Frederick and Hanover – subsidies larger than any before in British history – rather than fight in Europe. This was in order to send troops and ships elsewhere in the world. The British had been involved in fighting in North America since 1754, and the government under William Pitt decided to further prioritise the war in America, and hit the rest of France’s imperial possessions, using their powerful navy to harass France where she was weakest. In contrast, France focused on Europe first, planning an invasion of Britain, but this possibility was ended by the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759, shattering France’s remaining Atlantic naval power and their ability to reinforce America. England had effectively won the ‘French-Indian’ war in North America by 1760, but peace there had to wait until the other theatres were settled. In 1759 a small, opportunistic British force had seized Fort Louis on the Senegal River in Africa, acquiring plenty of valuables and suffering no casualties. Consequently, by the end of the year, all French trading posts in Africa were British. Britain then attacked France in the West Indies, taking the rich island of Guadeloupe and moving on to other wealth producing targets. The British East India Company retaliated against a local leader and attacked French interests in India and, aided greatly by the British Royal Navy dominating the Indian Ocean as it had the Atlantic, ejected France from the area. By war’s end, Britain had a vastly increased Empire, France a much reduced one. Britain and Spain also went to war, and Britain shocked their new enemy by seizing the hub of their Caribbean operations, Havana, and a quarter of the Spanish Navy. Peace None of Prussia, Austria, Russia or France had been able to win the decisive victories needed to force their enemies to surrender, but by 1763 the war in Europe had drained the belligerents and they sought peace, Austria, facing bankruptcy and feeling unable to proceed without Russia, France defeated abroad and unwilling to fight on to support Austria, and England keen to cement global success and end the drain on their resources. Prussia was intent on forcing a return to the state of affairs before the war, but as peace negotiations dragged on Frederick sucked as much as he could out of Saxony, including kidnapping girls and relocating them in depopulated areas of Prussia. The Treaty of Paris was signed on February 10th, 1763, settling issues between Britain, Spain and France, humiliating the latter, former greatest power in Europe. Britain gave Havana back to Spain, but received Florida in return. France compensated Spain by giving her Louisiana, while England got all French lands in North America east of the Mississippi except New Orleans. Britain also gained much of the West Indies, Senegal, Minorca and land in India. Other possessions changed hands, and Hanover was secured for the British. On February 10th, 1763 the Treaty of Hubertusburg between Prussia and Austria confirmed the status quo: Prussia kept Silesia, and secured its claim to ‘great power’ status, while Austria kept Saxony. As historian Fred Anderson pointed out, millions had been spent and tens of thousands had died, but nothing had changed. Consequences Britain was left as the dominant world power, albeit deeply in debt, and the cost had introduced new problems in the relationship with its colonists (this would go on to cause the American Revolutionary War, another global conflict that would end in a British defeat.) France was on the road to economic disaster and revolution. Prussia had lost 10% of its population but, crucially for Frederick’s reputation, had survived the alliance of Austria, Russia and France which had wanted to reduce or destroy it, although many historians claim Frederick is given too much credit for this as outside factors allowed it. Reforms followed in many of the belligerent’s government and military, with Austrian fears that Europe would be on the road to a disastrous militarism were well founded. The failure of Austria to reduce Prussia to second rate power doomed it to a competition between the two for the future of Germany, benefitting Russia and France, and leading to a Prussian centred Germany empire. The war also saw a shift in the balance of diplomacy, with Spain and Holland, reduced in importance, replaced by two new Great Powers: Prussia and Russia. Saxony was ruined.